Legal, Ethical and Cultural

• The best explanation of what Title VI of the Civil Rights Act mandates is the freedom to:
  1. Pick any physician and insurance company despite one’s income
  2. Receive free medical benefits as needed within the county of residence
  3. Have equal access to all health care regardless of race and religion
  4. Have basic care  with a sliding scale payment plan from all health care facilities
• Which statement would best explain the role of the nurse when planning care for a culturally diverse population?  The nurse will plan care to:
  1. Include care that is culturally congruent with the staff from predetermined criteria
  2. Focus only on the needs of the client, ignoring the nurse’s beliefs and practices
  3. Blend the values of the nurse that are for the good of the client and minimize the client’s individual values and beliefs during care
  4. Provide care while aware of one’s own bias, focusing on the client’s individual needs rather than the staff’s practices
• Which factor is least significant during assessment when gathering information about cultural practices?
  1. Language, timing
  2. Touch, eye contact
  3. Biocultural needs
  4. Pain perception, management expectations
• Transcultural nursing implies:
  1. Using a comparative study of cultures to understand similarities and differences across human groups to provide specific individualized care that is culturally appropriate
  2. Working in another culture to practice nursing within their limitations
  3. Combining all cultural beliefs into a practice that is a nonthreatening approach to minimize cultural barriers for all clients’ equality of care
  4. Ignoring all cultural differences to provide the best generalized care to all clients.
• What should the nurse do when planning nursing care for a client with a different cultural background? The nurse should:
  1. Allow the family to provide care during the hospital stay so no rituals or customs are broken
  2. Identify how these cultural variables affect the health problem
  3. Speak slowly and show pictures to make sure the client always understands
  4. Explain how the client must adapt to hospital routines to be effectively cared for while in the hospital
• Which activity would not be expected by the nurse to meet the cultural needs of the client?
  1. Promote and support attitudes, behaviors, knowledge, and skills to respectfully meet client’s cultural needs despite the nurse’s own beliefs and practices
  2. Ensure that the interpreter understands not only the language of the client but feelings and attitudes behind cultural practices to make sure an ethical balance can be achieved
  3. Develop structure and process for meeting cultural needs on a regular basis and means to avoid overlooking these needs with clients
  4. Expect the family to keep an interpreter present at all times to assist in meeting the communication needs all day and night while hospitalized
• Ethical principles for professional nursing practice in a clinical setting are guided by the principles of conduct that are written as the:
  1. American Nurses Association’s (ANA’s) Code of Ethics
  2. Nurse Practice Act (NPA) written by state legislation
  3. Standards of care from experts in the practice field
  4. Good Samaritan laws for civil guidelines
• A bioethical issue should be described as:
  1. The physician’s making all decisions of client management without getting input from the client
  2. A research project that included treating all the white men and not treating all the black men to compare the outcomes of a specific drug therapy.
  3. The withholding of food and treatment at the request of the client in a written advance directive given before a client acquired permanent brain damage from an accident.
  4. After the client gives permission, the physician’s disclosing all information to the family for their support in the management of the client.
• When the nurse described the client as “that nasty old man in 354,” the nurse is exhibiting which ethical dilemma?
  1. Gender bias and ageism
  2. HIPPA violation
  3. Beneficence
  4. Code of ethics violation

10.  The distribution of nurses to areas of “most need” in the time of a nursing shortage is an example of:

1. Utilitarianism theory
2. Deontological theory
3. Justice
4. Beneficence

11.  Nurses are bound by a variety of laws.  Which description of a type of law is correct?

1. Statutory law is created by elected legislature, such as the state legislature that defines the Nurse Practice Act (NPA).
2. Regulatory law includes prevention of harm for the public and punishment for those laws that are broken.
3. Common law protects the rights of the individual within society for fair and equal treatment.
4. Criminal law creates boards that pass rules and regulations to control society.

12.  Besides the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JACHO), which governing agency regulates hospitals to allow continued safe services to be provided, funding to be received from the government and penalties if guidelines are not followed?

1. Board of Nursing Examiners  (BNE)
2. Nurse Practice Act (NPA)
3. American Nurses Association (ANA)
4. Americans With Disabilities Act  (ADA)

13.  When a client is confused, left alone with the side rails down, and the bed in a high position, the client falls and breaks a hip.  What law has been broken?

1. Assault
2. Battery
3. Negligence
4. Civil tort

14.  When signing a form as a witness, your signature shows that the client:

1. Is fully informed and is aware of all consequences.
2. Was awake and fully alert and not medicated with narcotics.
3. Was free to sign without pressure
4. Has signed that form and the witness saw it being done

15.  Which criterion is needed for someone to give consent to a procedure?

1. An appointed guardianship
2. Unemancipated minor
3. Minimum of 21 years or older
4. An advocate for a child

16.  Which statement is correct?

1. Consent for medical treatment can be given by a minor with a sexually transmitted disease (STD).
2. A second trimester abortion can be given without state involvement.
3. Student nurses cannot be sued for malpractice while in a nursing clinical class.
4. Nurses who get sick and leave during a shift are not abandoning clients if they call their supervisor and leave a message about their emergency illness.

17.  Most litigation in the hospital comes from the:

1. Nurse abandoning the clients when going to lunch
2. Nurse following an order that is incomplete or incorrect
3. Nurse documenting blame on the physician when a mistake is made
4. Supervisor watching a new employee check his or her skills level

18.  The nurse places an aquathermia pad on a client with a muscle sprain.  The nurse informs the client the pad should be removed in 30 minutes.  Why will the nurse return in 30 minutes to remove the pad?

1. Reflex vasoconstriction occurs.
2. Reflex vasodilation occurs.
3. Systemic response occurs.
4. Local response occurs.

 

19.  A client has recently been told he has terminal cancer. As the nurse enters the room, he yells, “My eggs are cold, and I’m tired of having my sleep interrupted by noisy nurses!” The nurse may interpret the client’s behavior as:

1. An expression of the anger stage of dying
2. An expression of disenfranchised grief
3. The result of maturational loss
4. The result of previous losses

20.  When helping a person through grief work, the nurse knows:

1. Coping mechanisms that were effective in the past are often disregarded in response to the pain of a loss
2. A person’s perception of a loss has little to do with the grieving process.
3. The sequencing of stages of grief may occur in order, they may be skipped, or they may reoccur.
4. Most clients want to be left alone.

21.  A client is hospitalized in the end stage of terminal cancer. His family members are sitting at his bedside. What can the nurse do to best aid the family at this time?

1. Limit the time visitors may stay so they do not become overwhelmed by the situation.
2. Avoid telling family members about the client’s actual condition so they will not lose hope.
3. Discourage spiritual practices because this will have little connection to the client at this time.
4. Find simple and appropriate care activities for the family to perform.

22.  When caring for a terminally ill client, it is important for the nurse maintain the client’s dignity. This can be facilitated by:

1. Spending time to let clients share their life experiences
2. Decreasing emphasis on attending to the clients’ appearance because it only increases their fatigue
3. Making decisions for clients so they do not have to make them
4. Placing the client in a private room to provide privacy at all times

23.  What are the stages of dying according to Elizabeth Kubler-Ross?

1. Numbing; yearning and searching; disorganization and despair; and reorganization.
2. Accepting the reality of loss, working through the pain of grief, adjusting to the environment without the deceased, and emotionally relocating the deceased and moving on with life.
3. Anticipatory grief, perceived loss, actual loss, and renewal.
4. Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.

24.  Bereavement may be defined as:

1. The emotional response to loss.
2. The outward, social expression of loss.
3. Postponing the awareness of the reality of the loss.
4. The inner feeling and outward reactions of the survivor.

25.  A client who had a “Do Not Resuscitate” order passed away. After verifying there is no pulse or respirations, the nurse should next:

1. Have family members say goodbye to the deceased.
2. Call the transplant team to retrieve vital organs.
3. Remove all tubes and equipment (unless organ donation is to take place), clean the body, and position appropriately.
4. Call the funeral director to come and get the body.

26.  A client’s family member says to the nurse, “The doctor said he will provide palliative care. What does that mean?”  The nurse’s best response is:

1. “Palliative care is given to those who have less than 6 months to live.”
2. “Palliative care aims to relieve or reduce the symptoms of a disease.”
3. “The goal of palliative care is to affect a cure of a serious illness or disease.”
4. “Palliative care means the client and family take a more passive role and the doctor focuses on the physiological needs of the client. The location of death will most likely occur in the hospital setting.”

27.  Which of the following is not included in evaluating the degree of heritage consistency in a client?

1. Gender
2. Culture
3. Ethnicity
4. Religion

28.  When providing care to clients with varied cultural backgrounds, it is imperative for the nurse to recognize that:

1. Cultural considerations must be put aside if basic needs are in jeopardy.
2. Generalizations about the behavior of a particular group may be inaccurate.
3. Current health standards should determine the acceptability of cultural practices.
4. Similar reactions to stress will occur when individuals have the same cultural background.

29.  To respect a client’s personal space and territoriality, the nurse:

1. Avoids the use of touch
2. Explains nursing care and procedures
3. Keeps the curtains pulled around the clients bed
4. Stands 8 feet away from the bed, if possible.

30.  To be effective in meeting various ethnic needs, the nurse should:

1. Treat all clients alike.
2. Be aware of clients’ cultural differences.
3. Act as if he or she is comfortable with the client’s behavior.
4. Avoid asking questions about the client’s cultural background.

31.  The most important factor in providing nursing care to clients in a specific ethnic group is:

1. Communication
2. Time orientation
3. Biological variation
4. Environmental control

32.  A health care issue often becomes an ethical dilemma because:

1. A clients legal rights coexist with a health professionals obligation.
2. Decisions must be made quickly, often under stressful conditions.
3. Decisions must be made based on value systems.
4. The choices involved do not appear to be clearly right or wrong.

33.  A document that lists the medical treatment a person chooses to refuse if unable to make decisions is the:

1. Durable power of attorney
2. Informed consent
3. Living will
4. Advance directives

34.  Which statement about an institutional ethics committee is correct?

1. The ethics committee is an additional resource for clients and health care professionals.
2. The ethics committee relieves health care professionals from dealing with ethical issues.
3. The ethics committee would be the first option in addressing an ethical dilemma.
4. The ethics committee replaces decision making by the client and health care providers.

35.  The nurse is working with parents of a seriously ill newborn. Surgery has been proposed for the infant, but the chances of success are unclear. In helping the parents resolve this ethical conflict, the nurse knows that the first step is:

1. Exploring reasonable courses of action
2. Collecting all available information about the situation
3. Clarifying values related to the cause of the dilemma.
4. Identifying people who can solve the difficulty.

36.  Miss Magu, an 88-year old woman, believes that life should not be prolonged when hope is gone. She has decided that she does not want extraordinary measures taken when her life is at its end. Because she feels this way, she has talked with her daughter about her desires, completing a living will and left directions with her physician. This is an example of:

1. Affirming a value
2. Choosing a value
3. Prizing a value
4. Reflecting a value

37.  The scope of Nursing practice is legally defined by:

1. State nurses practice acts
2. Professional nursing organizations
3. Hospital policy and procedure manuals
4. Physicians in the employing institutions

38.  A student nurse who is employed as a nursing assistant may perform any functions that:

1. Have been learned about in school
2. Are expected of a nurse at that level
3. Are identified in the positions job description
4. Require technical rather than professional skill.

39.  A confused client who fell out of bed because side rails were not used is an example of which type of liability?

1. Felony
2. Assault
3. Battery
4. Negligence

40.  The nurse puts a restraint jacket on a client without the client’s permission and without the physicians order. The nurse may be guilty of:

1. Assault
2. Battery
3. Invasion of privacy
4. Neglect

41.  In a situation in which there is insufficient staff to implement competent care, a nurse should:

1. Organize a strike
2. Inform the clients of the situation
3. Refuse the assignment
4. Accept the assignment but make a protest in writing to the administration.

42.  Which statement about loss is accurate?

1. Loss is only experienced when there is an actual absence of something valued.
2. The more the individual has invested in what is lost, the less the feeling of loss.
3. Loss may be maturational, situational, or both.
4. The degree of stress experienced is unrelated to the type of loss.

43.  Trying questionable and experimental forms of therapy is a behavior that is characterized of which stage of dying?

1. Anger
2. Depression
3. Bargaining
4. Acceptance

44.  All of the following are crucial needs of the dying client except:

1. Control of pain
2. Preservation of dignity and self-worth
3. Love and belonging
4. Freedom from decision making

45.  Cultural awareness is an in-depth self-examination of one’s:

1. Background, recognizing biases and prejudices.
2. Social, cultural, and biophysical factors
3. Engagement in cross-cultural interactions
4. Motivation and commitment to caring.

46.  Cultural competence is the process of:

1. Learning about vast cultures
2. Acquiring specific knowledge, skills, and attitudes
3. Influencing treatment and care of clients
4. Motivation and commitment to caring.

47.  Ethnocentrism is the root of:

1. Biases and prejudices
2. Meanings by which people make sense of their experiences.
3. Cultural beliefs
4. Individualism and self-reliance in achieving and maintaining health.

48.  When action is taken on one’s prejudices:

1. Discrimination occurs
2. Sufficient comparative knowledge of diverse groups is obtained.
3. Delivery of culturally congruent care is ensured.
4. People think/know you are a dumbass for being prejudiced.

49.  The dominant value orientation in North American society is:

1. Use of rituals symbolizing the supernatural.
2. Group reliance and interdependence
3. Healing emphasizing naturalistic modalities
4. Individualism and self-reliance in achieving and maintaining health.

50.  Disparities in heath outcomes between the rich and the poor illustrates: a (an)

1. Illness attributed to natural, impersonal, and biological forces.
2. Creation of own interpretation and descriptions of biological and psychological malfunctions.
3. Influence of socioeconomic factors in morbidity and mortality.
4. Combination of naturalistic, religious, ad supernatural modalities.

51.  Culture strongly influences pain expression and need for pain medication. However, cultural pain:

1. May be suffered by a client whose valued way of life is disregarded by practitioners.
2. Is more intense, thus necessitating more medication.
3. Is not expressed verbally or physically
4. Is expressed only to others of like culture.

52.  The dominant values in American society on individual autonomy and self-determination:

1. Rarely have an effect on other cultures
2. Do have an effect on healthcare
3. May hinder ability to get into a hospice program
4. May be in direct conflict with diverse groups.

53.  In the United States, access to health care usually depends on a client’s ability to pay for health care, either through insurance or by paying cash. The client the nurse is caring for needs a liver transplant to survive. This client has been out of work for several months and does not have insurance or enough cash. A discussion about the ethics of this situation would involve predominately the principle of:

1. Accountability, because you as the nurse are accountable for the well being of this client.
2. Respect of autonomy, because this client’s autonomy will be violated if he does not receive the liver transplant.
3. Ethics of care, because the caring thing that a nurse could provide this patient is resources for a liver transplant.
4. Justice, because the first and greatest question in this situation is how to determine the just distribution of resources.

54.  The code of ethics for nurses is composed and published by:

1. The national league for Nursing
2. The American Nurses Association
3. The Medical American Association
4. The National Institutes of Health, Nursing division.

55.  Nurses agree to be advocates for their patients. Practice of advocacy calls for the nurse to:

1. Seek out the nursing supervisor in conflicting situations
2. Work to understand the law as it applies to the client’s clinical condition.
3. Assess the client’s point of view and prepare to articulate this point of view.
4. Document all clinical changes in the medical record in a timely manner.

56.  Successful ethical discussion depends on people who have a clear sense of personal values. When many people share the same values it may be possible to identify a philosophy of utilitarianism, with proposes that:

1. The value of people is determined solely by leaders in the Unitarian church.
2. The decision to perform a lover transplant depends on a measure of the moral life that the client has led so far.
3. The best way to determine the solution to an ethical dilemma is to refer the case to the attending physician.
4. The value of something is determined by its usefulness to society.

57.  The philosophy sometimes called the code of ethics of care suggests that ethical dilemmas can best be solved by attention to:

1. Relationships
2. Ethical principles
3. Clients
4. Code of ethics for nurses.

58.  In most ethical dilemmas, the solution to the dilemma requires negotiation among members of the health care team. The nurse’s point of view is valuable because:

1. Nurses have a legal license that encourages their presence during ethical discussions.
2. The principle of autonomy guides all participates to respect their own self-worth.
3. Nurses develop a relationship to the client that is unique among all professional health care providers.
4. The nurse’s code of ethics recommends that a nurse be present at any ethical discussion about client care.

59.  Ethical dilemmas often arise over a conflict of opinion. Once the nurse has determined that the dilemma is ethical, a critical first step in negotiating the difference of opinion would be to:

1. Consult a professional ethicist to ensure that the steps of the process occur in full.
2. Gather all relevant information regarding the clinical, social, and spiritual aspects of the dilemma.
3. List the ethical principles that inform the dilemma so that negotiations agree on the language of the discussion.
4. Ensure that the attending physician has written an order for an ethics consultation to support the ethics process.

60.  The nurse practice acts are an example of:

1. Statutory law
2. Common law
3. Civil law
4. Criminal law

61.  The scope of Nursing Practice, the established educational requirements for nurses, and the distinction between nursing and medical practice is defined by:

1. Statutory law
2. Common law
3. Civil law
4. Nurse practice acts

62.  The client’s right to refuse treatment is an example of:

1. Statutory law
2. Common law
3. Civil laws
4. Nurse practice acts

63.  Even though the nurse may obtain the clients signature on a form, obtaining informed consent is the responsibility of the:

1. Client
2. Physician
3. Student nurse
4. Supervising nurse.

64.  The nurse is obligated to follow a physicians order unless:

1. The order is a verbal order
2. The physicians order is illegible
3. The order has not been transcribed
4. The order is an error, violates hospital policy, or would be detrimental to the client.

 

 

1. C.
2. D. Without understanding one’s own beliefs and values, a bias or preconceived belief by the nurse could create an unexpected conflict or an area of neglect in the plan of care for a client (who might be expecting something totally different from the care). During assessment values, beliefs, practices should be identified by the nurse and used as a guide to identify the choices by the nurse to meet specific needs/outcomes of that client. Therefore identification of values, beliefs, and practices allows for planning meaningful and beneficial care specific for this client.
3. C. Cultural practices do not influence biocultural needs because they are inborn risks that are related to a biological need and not a learned cultural belief or practice.
4. A. Transcultural care means that by understanding and learning about specific cultural practices the nurse can integrate these practices into the plan of care for a specific individual client who has the same beliefs or practices to meet the client’s needs in a holistic manner of care.
5. B. Without assessment and identification of the cultural needs, the nurse cannot begin to understand how these might influence the health problem or health care management.
6. D. It is not the family’s responsibility to assist in the communication process. Many families will leave someone to help at times, but it is the hospital’s legal obligation to find an interpreter for continued understanding by the client to make sure the client is fully informed and comprehends in his or her primary language.
7. A. This set of ethical principles provides the professional guidelines established by the ANA to maintain the highest standards for ideal conduct in practice. As a profession, the ANA wanted to establish rules and then incorporate guidelines for accountability and responsibility of each nurse within the practice setting.
8. B. The ethical issue was the inequality of treatment based strictly upon racial differences. Secondly, the drug was deliberately withheld even after results showed that the drug was working to cure the disease process in the white men for many years. So after many years, the black men were still not treated despite the outcome of the research process that showed the drug to be effective in controlling the disease early in the beginning of the research project. Therefore harm was done. Nonmaleficence, veracity, and justice were not followed.
9. A. Stereotyping an “old man” as “nasty”is a gender bias and an ageism issue. The nurse is verbalizing a negative descriptor about the client.

10.  C. Justice is defined as the fairness of distribution of resources. However, guidelines for a hierarchy of needs have been established, such as with organ transplantation. Nurses are moved to areas of greatest need when shortages occur on the floors. No floor is left without staff, and another floor that had five staff will give up two to go help the floor that had no staff.

11.  A. Statutory law is created by legislature. It creates statues such as the NPA, which defines the role of the nurse and expectations of the performance of one’s duties and explains what is contraindicated as guidelines for breech of those regulations.

12.  D. If the hospital fails to follow ADA guidelines for meeting special needs, the facility loses funding and status for receiving low-income loans or reimbursement of expenses. ADA protects the civil rights of disabled people. It applies to both the hospital clients and hospital staff. Privacy issues for persons who are positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have been one issue in relationship to getting information when hospital staff have been exposed to unclean sticks. The ADA allows the infected client the right to choose whether or not to disclose that information.

13.  C. Knowing what to do to prevent injury is a part of the standards of care for nurses to follow. Safety guidelines dictate raising the side rails, staying with the client, lowering the bed, and observing the client until the environment is safe. As a nurse, these activities are known as basic safety measures that prevent injuries, and to not perform them is not acting in a safe manner. Negligence is conduct that falls below the standard of care that protects others against unreasonable risk of harm.

14.  D. Your signature as a witness only states that the person signing the form was the person who was listed in the procedure.

15.  A. A guardian has been appointed by a court and has full legal rights to choose management of care.

16.  A. Anyone, at any age, can be treated without parental permission for an STD infection. The client is “advised” to contact sexual partners but is not “required” to give names. Permission from parents is not needed, based upon current privacy laws.

17.  B. The nurse is responsible for clarifying all orders that are illegible, unreasonable, unsafe, or incorrect. The failure of the nurse to question the physician about an order creates an area of liability on the nurse’s part because this is perceived as a medical action and not the role of the nurse to write orders. Some RNs do have prescriptive privileges based upon advanced degrees and certification. Therefore the nurse who cannot correct the order must document that the physician was called and clarification or a new order was given to correct the unclear or illegible one that was currently on the chart. Phone calls, follow-up, and lack of follow-up by the physician should also be documented if there is a problem with getting the information in a timely manner. The nurse must show the sequence of events of a situation in a clear manner if there is any conflict or question about any orders or procedures that were not appropriate. Assessments and documentation of the client’s status should also be included if there is a potential risk for harm present. Contact of the staff’s chain of command should also be specifically stated for the proof of the responsibilities being followed according to hospital policy.

18.  A. If heat is applied for 1 hour or more, blood flow is reduced by reflex vasoconstriction. Vasoconstriction is the opposite of the desired effect of heat application

19.  a. In the anger stage of Kubler-Ross’s stages of dying, the individual resists the loss and may strike out at everyone and everything, in this case, the nurse.

20.  C. Grief is manifested in a variety of ways that are unique to an individual and based on personal experiences, cultural expectations, and spiritual beliefs. The sequencing of stages or behaviors of grief may occur in order, they may be skipped, or they may reoccur. The amount of time to resolve grief also varies among individuals.

21.  D. It is helpful for the nurse to find simple care activities for the family to perform, such as feeding the client, washing the client’s face, combing hair, and filling out the client’s menu. This helps the family demonstrate their caring for the client and enables the client to feel their closeness and concern. a. Older adults often become particularly lonely at night and may feel more secure if a family member stays at the bedside during the night. The nurse should allow visitors to remain with dying clients at any time if the client wants them. It is up to the family to determine if they are feeling overwhelmed, not the nurse.

22.  A. Spending time to let clients share their life experiences enables the nurse to know clients better. Knowing clients then facilitates choice of therapies that promote client decision making and autonomy, thus promoting a client’s self-esteem and dignity.

23.  D.

24.  D.

25.  C. The body of the deceased should be prepared before the family comes in to view and say their goodbyes. This includes removing all equipment, tubes, supplies, and dirty linens according to protocol, bathing the client, applying clean sheets, and removing trash from the room.

26.  B. The goal of palliative care is the prevention, relief, reduction, or soothing of symptoms of disease or disorders without effecting a cure.

27.  A.

28.  B.

29.  B.

30.  B.

31.  A.

32.  D.

33.  D.

34.  A.

35.  B.

36.  C.

37.  A.

38.  C.

39.  D.

40.  B.

41.  D.

42.  C.

43.  C.

44.  D.

45.  A. Cultural awareness is an in-depth examination of one’s own background, recognizing biases and prejudices and assumptions about other people.

46.  B. Cultural competence is the process of acquiring specific knowledge, skills, and attitudes that ensure delivery of culturally congruent care.

47.  A.

48.  A.

49.  D.

50.  C. Disparities in health outcomes between the rich and the poor illustrate the influence of socioeconomic factors in morbidity and mortality. Social factors such as poverty and lack of universal medical insurance compromise the health status of the poor and unemployed.

51.  A. Nurses need not assume that pain relief is equally valued across groups. Cultural pain may be suffered by a client whose valued way of life is disregarded by practitioners.

52.  D. The dominant value in American society of individual autonomy and self-determination may be in direct conflict with diverse groups. Advance directives, informed consent, and consent for hospice are examples of mandates that my violate client’s values.

53.  D. Justice refers to fairness. Health care providers agree to strive for justice in health care. The term often is used during discussions about resources. Decisions about who should receive available organs are always difficult.

54.  B. the ANA has established widely accepted codes that professional nurses attempt to follow.

55.  C. Nurses strengthen their ability to advocate for a client when nurses are able to identify personal values and then accurately identify the values of the client and articulate the client’s point of view.

56.  D. A utilitarian system of ethics proposes that the value of something is determined by its usefulness.

57.  A. The ethic of care explores the notion of care as a central activity of human behavior. Those who write about the ethics of care advocate a more female biased theory that is based on understanding relationships, especially personal narratives.

58.  C. When ethical dilemmas arise, the nurses point of view unique and critical. The nurse usually interacts with clients over longer time intervals than do other disciples.

59.  B. Each step in the processing of an ethical dilemma resembles steps in critical thinking. The nurse begins by gathering information and moves through assessment, identification of the problem, planning, implementation, and evaluation.

60.  A.

61.  D.

62.  B.

63.  B.

64.  D.